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Submitted by Phil Owen on Tue, 01/01/2008 - 11:07pm.

This is from Malcolm Gladwell's book, Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking, and shows the extraordinary affect that racial stereotypes and internalized oppression can have on test scores.

I'll first offer the snippet from the book, then offer a brief explaination of the word "priming", then I'll post Gladwell's sources at the end. [Emphasis added by myself.]

The psychologists Claude Steel and Joshua Aronson created an even more extreme version of this test, using black college students and twenty questions taken from the Graduate Record Examination, the standardized test used for entry into graduate school. When the students were asked to identify their race on a pretest questionaire, that simple act was sufficient to prime them with all the negative stereotypes associated with African Americans and academic achievement - and the number of items they got right was cut in half. As a society, we place enormous faith in tests because we think they are a reliable indicator of the test taker's ability and knowledge. But are they really? If a white student from a prestigious private high school gets a higher SAT score than a black student from an inner-city school, is it because she's truly a better student, or is it because to be white and to attend a prestigious high school is to be constantly primed with the idea of "smart"?...

..."I talked to the black students afterward, and I asked them, 'Did anything lower your performance?'" Aronson said. "I would ask, 'Did it bug you that I asked you to indicate your race?' Because it clearly had a huge effect on their performance. And they would always say no and something like 'You know, I just don't think I'm smart enough to be here.'"

A little context is necessary here.  At this point in the book, Gladwell is talking about a phenomenon called priming.  Priming is a process of affecting behavior by means of a kind of subliminal suggestion. 

One study on priming (also in Blink) took a group of subjects and split them in two, giving each of them scrambled sentence tests (tests using sets of mixed words, in which the test taker is to make coherent sentences out of the scrambled words).  One group was given scrambled sentence tests that included the words, "aggressively", "bold", "rude", "bother", "disturb", etc.  The second group was given tests including the words "respect", "considerate", "polite", and so on.

After completing their tests the students were instructed to go to the professor's office for further instruction.  In the experiment, the professor was set to talking with a coworker.  They then measured the length of time it took each student to interrupt the conversation to get their next set of instructions. (After a ten minute wait the experiment would end.) The average wait time before interrupting for the students primed to be rude was five minutes.  None of the students primed to be polite interrupted the conversation in the ten minute time frame.

So, armed with the concept of priming, Steele and Aronson set to testing the priming effect of the invocation of race on test scores.  Asking black students their race in a pretest questionaire caused their test scores to drop by half.

Any guesses out there as to why this would make such a difference?

 

Gladwell's sources:

Steele and Aronson, "Stereotype Threat and Intellectual Test Performance on African Americans," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69, No. 5 (1995): 797-811

Bargh, Chen, and Burrows, "Automaticity of Social Behavior: Direct Effects of Trait Construct and Stereotype Activation on Action," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71, no 2 (1996): 230-244

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Great Post Phil

Gladwell really hits the nail on the head in his description of the systemic nature of racism. He's such a tremendous mind, perhaps one of the greatest American minds in our short history.

image
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Uhhh...

cough...
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except for you of course,

First you, then Gladwell, and you make him look like a hack.

image
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priming, mirror neurons and our animal abilities to learn

This is a conversation I'd love to have while sitting around drinking a few beers, but in lieu of my lack of time...

Mirror neurons (or a similar mimetic learning mechanism) probably play a huge role in all modes of priming. Another study I read happened in Britain with a test similar to the GRE. In that study (of men) they were all given a test of "analytical reasoning" and then randomly split into two groups. The two groups were then given two separate questionnaires: one group had to answer questions about college professors while the other group had to answer questions about soccer hooligans. After finishing the respective questionnaires both groups were then directed to take another analytical reasoning test. Across the board every person asked about college professors scored better on the test the second time around while every person quizzed about soccer hooligans saw a drop in score.

On the physical side it is well established that watching a person jump helps you jump higher: our muscles receive signals from the brain that prime them to jump when we see somebody else do it. Isaac Newton once wrote to Robert Hooke "(i)f I have seen farther it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants." From a neurological perspective Newton only missed the truth by a hair, we are able to see farther and farther because we keep sharing with each other how far we are able to see. Through empathy we are able to apply other people's experiences to our own lives and broaden/limit our own ideas and abilities as a result.

On one hand I think this has been incredibly beneficial to humanity's success as we've been able to build upon the knowledge and experiences of our ancestors. On the other hand, I think some of the consequences can also be disastrous unless we begin to consciously face their repercussions. A lot of people find the cases of racism and sexism to be overstated (just to take two examples). From some of my family, for instance, I have heard things like "slavery ended a long time ago, people need to get over it." The problem, unfortunately, is that if neuroscience's discoveries about human learning mechanisms are correct then expunging the results of cultural biases (e.g. women aren't as good at math as men) becomes something that we must consciously think about in order to have any hope of breaking our self-limiting patterns. In other words, conscious recognition of our stereotyping behaviors is to some of our current social problems/limitations what vaccines are to viruses. We can sit around and argue about whether or not people with darker skin pigment in America are still affected by the cultural attitudes prevalent in the slavery era, or whether or not women still struggle against pre-suffrage mentalities, but the findings of modern neuroscience make such an argument as worthwhile as one about angels dancing on a needle point. By default every single one of us carries the advantages and disadvantages of our culture's past and refusing to acknowledge that reality only insures that the virus will keep spreading.

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Gladwell may overstate the importance of stereotype threat

The implication is that if you eliminate stereotype threat, then test scores will be equal. That is not true. The studies he cites show that students perform as well as their SAT scores predicted, without stereotype threat. That is, the pre-existing gap between in black and white test scores widens if you introduce stereotype threat. If you remove the threat, the original gap in test scores remains. One cannot conclude that the pre-existing gap is the consequence of stereotype threat...not from these studies that is. Blink, blink.
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I think you may be too micro

I haven't read the book. There's my disclaimer.

These studies aren't actually testing the book title's claim of affective subconscious thought, I think they're testing the most immediate reminder.

I don't consciously walk around thinking "I'm a man, man, man, man, manly man!"; however, if somebody reminds me that I'm a man right now, then according to theories of the subconscious that reminder immediately brings back the ingrained patterns of man and, like a stone dropped into water, the most present will be greatest affected by the wake. Modern neural network theories actually look like they're physiologically confirming the subconscious in that we develop stronger synaptic connections to consistent and reoccuring patterns (such as what it means to be a man in our society).

The tests that Malcolm Gladwell cites would then be evidence of the neural networks working in the background. Given our history of racism, then neural network theory would seem to predict such a disparity because race was moralized and morals (on top of other things) travel from one generation to the next through the rote of childhood.

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I totally agree that these studies

show that subconscious thought can be altered in such a way that it influences behavior. And I agree that the subconscious affects us in many ways that we cannot appreciate. But one cannot conclude from these studies that such factors are the primary reason for the gaps in test scores. The primary reasons for those gaps are more than likely educational attainment of parents, income, school funding, etc. Now, I am certainly willing to speculate that our subconscious biases may be a reason these structural barriers remain in place.
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I don't think that was his intent.

I don't think Gladwell was saying that immanent stereotype threat was the sole source of discrepancy in test scores between blacks and whites.  However, the fact that its presentation so profoundly affects scores may have broader implications.

Do students in wealthy schools get constant "'smart' priming"?  Do students in poor inner city schools get a lot of negative "priming" (priming used a little more loosely than the academics may use it here)?  You bet.  You tell a person over and over again about how smart they and their peers are, you invest in that person -emphasizing the sense of personal value- etc, it's bound to have a big affect.  The inverse would be true as well. 

 

The Canaanite's Call

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Interesting...

I just read the results of the Bargh paper on priming. As far as I can see the statement, [n]one of the students primed to be polite interrupted the conversation in the ten minute time frame, is just flat out incorrect. Figure 1 shows the percentage of people interrupting within the 10-minute time frame by experimental condition. Almost 20 percent of the politely primed subjects interrupted within 10 minutes, while about 66% of those primed to be rude interrupted within 10 minutes. Only 13 of the 34 study subjects interrupted within the 10-minute window.
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You're right.

That was my error, please forgive me. 

Gladwell writes, "But of the people primed to be polite, the overwhelming majority -82 percent- never interrupted at all." [Italics Gladwell's]

The Canaanite's Call

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Darnit!

I thought I caught a Galdwell slip up. He's too good a journalist to slip like that though. But characterizing anything out of a sample of 11 as an overwhelming majority, still sounds funny. But I quibble.
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Facisnating implications

If the outcomes of these kinds of remarkably simple and inexpensive interventions are sustainable.
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hey,

thanks for nothing

image
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Oops,

what the hell. Here is is again. Basically, it's a test of a 15-minute intervention. They randomly assigned black students to write an essay about their important values. Their grade point average improved slightly, the grade point gap between those students and their white counterparts decreased by 40% at the end of the quarter.
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See, now, that article

See, now, that article points -I think- to what Gladwell was trying to get at.  Stereotype threat has a big effect when immanent, but when not immanently present it (stereotype) also likely has an effect.  The essay described here was only given once in a quarter, but the overall grades of the quarter improved.  Priming need not be immediate. 

 

The Canaanite's Call

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Ye, it deffinately implies

a longer-term effect. Not sure it's quite the same a priming though. Having students right about their important values may simply make them more thoughtful and interested in school then they were before. No matter. It's still a very interesting intervention.
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Good work, Phil.

Now, once we have these stats and studies that demonstrate how race and gender preference operate in an institutional way to create an unfair playing field, do you think the right-wing folks will accept the stats and studies and let us move on to talking about how we might want to level the playing field a bit? 

Do you think the more right wing folks will reflect on the conviction of the black man who shot and killed a white teenager in his yard and decide that race played a significant part in the decision to charge and try him?  

Because, once you have the science, the data on display to show that race bias is profound in its impact, I think you have to move to a solution that lowers (or removes? what a dreamer I am) the impact of race or gender bias.  

400 prominent scientists have issued a report saying the right wingers will not accept the statistics of 400 prominent scientists if they results do not fit their pre-conceived world view. I think I read that somewhere.  

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I will note that Phil appears to be preaching to the Choir.

Not a peep here from the folks who think they have no race and gender bias or who think that race and gender bias doesn't play a significant role in our communities.

This is a post that only left wing eggheads could love.  I like it quite a lot.

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Maybe we're just tired of

Maybe we're just tired of banging our head in a brick wall. Maybe we're tired of being told we're born racist, and that we "just don't get it" (a lazy conclusion if ever there was one.) Maybe we're tired of people making excuses for lawbreakers. Maybe we're tired of people trying to knock us down because they can't feel good about themselves the way we do.

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In what ways are you being knocked down?

Serious question.
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Granted it's only one

Granted it's only one person, and he seems to be a nice guy otherwise, but when I'm told I'm blind for thinking the way I do I take it as a knock. Some of his posts against other users have been abrasive. He's also been sure to include a zinger in recent comments. Had I or they posted in the same style against him we'd have heard about it from the Hall Monitors.

I want to be careful that I'm not knocking Mike unfairly in return. Among other things I told him in a PM once that I get along splendidly with other people even though we are polar opposites on certain issues (Janet B comes to mind) and that I didn't see any reason why he and I couldn't be equally civil. I had appreciated certain contributions he had made in other discussions. With that in mind I promised him that I'd back away if he and I started banging heads on this issue again.

I don't mind the Bias Debate that's been going on here and other threads. It's different from outright claiming people are prejudiced. Maybe it's a case of different people having different syntax and connotations for the words, I've just taken his posts as falling under the "whites are bad, we should apologize for being born white" vein.

If Mike shows that I'm completely mischaracterizing him I'll gladly rub some crow-flavored lotion over my foot and shove it down my throat.

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Okay

The "knocks" you are talking about are from Mike, not from some larger a social backlash that influences your well-being. I would like to see Mike to address your post without the zingers.
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To be honest and fair, Mike

To be honest and fair, Mike never said anything that was a personal slam on me, other than "not getting it" which is hardly worth getting the pistols and seconds organized.

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Thanks, Merwyn.

People use words and the same words mean different things.  I note that you made a distinction between bias and being a racist elsewhere. 

Talking about bias, and I think we all have some bias, does not have to be understood or degenerate into a discussion where we decide who is a racist or a male chauvinst pig or anything rhetorical and derogatory like that.  

But I think a black person raised in the US is likely to know lots of things about the intitutional bias of race in the US that a white person might not know so much about. 

For example, the armed black citizen who shot and killed a white teenager in the black man's yard, knew that he was in very serious trouble in a way that would not occur to a white armed citizen who had shot a black teenager in the white man's yard.  This doesn't make either of them a racist, but it has to do with the reality that race (gender, orientation, etc) has institutionalized bias.  

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